Pulsed Radio Frequency Energy as Physical Therapy

Beat Radio Frequency Energy as Physical Therapy Part V DISCUSSION Numerous grown-ups with vascular illness or potentially diabetes endure with constant leg or foot ulcers, prompting loss of useful capacity, low quality of life and long haul sick wellbeing. Studies on patients with constant leg ulcers have detailed the normal length of these ulcers is around 12-13 months, around 60-70% of patients have repeating ulcers, 24% of patients are hospitalized on account of the ulcers and the vast majority experience the ill effects of the condition for a normal of at least 15 years. Care for incessant injuries is accounted for to cost 2-3% of complete social insurance spending in created nations and these expenses are set to ascend with maturing populaces. Treatment in the U.S. costs more than 3 billion $US and the loss of more than 2 million workdays per year. So also, Harding cites an expense of  £400 million every year in the U.K. In Australia, wound dressings are the second most regular methodology in General Practitioner practice and ceaseless injur y care represents 22-half of network nursing time in the UK and Australia (Edwards et al.,2013). Notwithstanding immediate human services costs, interminable injuries are related with concealed weights on the network coming about because of loss of portability, diminished useful capacity, social detachment and loss of cooperation in the workforce and society (Price and Krasner, 2012). The utilization of beat radio-recurrence electromagnetic field (PEMF), additionally named beat radiofrequency vitality (PRFE) treatment has demonstrated striking achievement in mending of constant injuries. PEMF is a non-ionizing vitality at the shortwave radiofrequency band of the electromagnetic range, ordinarily at a recurrence of 27.12MHz. Since the presentation of PEMF   during the 1950s, clinical investigations on recuperating of constant injuries and careful recuperation, too orthopedic examinations have archived PEMF as an effective clinical treatment. PEMF treatment is none intrusive and is conveyed through the injury dressing, and to date has demonstrated no undesirable reactions. With positive reports in the writing archiving PEMF as a viable treatment, its more extensive reception as an aide treatment appears justified (Rawe,2012). The estimation of wound measurement is a significant part of fruitful injury the board. Observing changes in wound zone permits evaluation of treatment viability and early recognition of balance or disintegration. The photographic technique is an exact option in contrast to advanced planimetry framework (Visitrak TM ) for estimating wound zone. The photographic strategy is a progressively fitting method for spotless and uncontaminated injuries, as contact with the injury bed is evaded (Chang et al.,2011). This examination researched the viability of beat radio recurrence vitality as exercise based recuperation methodology in the treatment of ceaseless lower appendage ulcers through lessening wound surface zone (WSA) and wound volume. The discoveries of this examination demonstrated noteworthy lessening in WSA after treatment in the two gatherings An and B (P<0.0001) with harsh level of progress in bunch A (62.78%) versus (16.48% in bunch B). Likewise, there was huge distinction between Group An, and Group B post treatment estimations of WSA (p<0.0001) with supported outcomes in bunch A. As to consequences of wound volume, the two gatherings An and B demonstrated huge reduction in twisted volume after treatment (p<0.0001) with level of progress 68.96%in gathering An and 31.09% in bunch B. Additionally, there was critical distinction between Group An, and Group B post treatment estimations of wound volume (p=0.010) with supported outcomes in bunch A. As to consequences of twisted volume, there was noteworthy increment in Ki-67% after treatment (p<0.0001) in bunches A just with level of progress 253.15%. Likewise, there was huge contrast between Group An, and Group B post treatment estimations of wound volume (p<0.010) with supported outcomes in bunch A. In this manner the aftereffects of current examination affirmed the helpful effectiveness of beat radio recurrence vitality as restorative methodology in lessening wound surface zone and wound volume and treatment of ceaseless lower appendage ulcers. The aftereffects of our examination steady or bolstered by the works announced by Kao et al. (2013); Rawe and Vlahovic (2012); Conner-Kerr andIsenberg(2012);Frykbergetal.(2011);Lietal.(2011);Maier(2011); Kloth et al. (1999); Bentall (1986). Kao et al. (2013) assessed the impact of Pulsed radiofrequency vitality diabetic injured Db/db mice. Net conclusion, cell expansion, and morphometric investigation of CD31-recolored wound cross-areas were evaluated. The mRNA articulation of profibrotic factors (changing development factor-ÃŽ ² and platelet-inferred development factor-An), angiogenetic factors (vascular endothelial development factor and fundamental fibroblast development factor), and extracellular lattice segments (collagen I and ÃŽ ±-smooth muscle actin) were assessed by quantitative opposite transcriptase polymerase chain response. Collagen protein level of the injury was controlled by Western smudge investigation. Cell relocation wasâ monitoredâ inâ monolayerâ dermalâ fibroblastâ cultures.â Theâ degreeâ of collagen arrangement and gelation time was quantitatively evaluated utilizing picture examination methods. Results show that beat radiofrequency vitality rewarded wounds were portrayed by derma l cell expansion and expanded collagen blend. Rawe and Vlahovic (2012) assessed the impact of a lightweight wearable type of a PFRE gadget on 3 diabetic foot ulcers and 1 venous balance ulcer for a situation report, the ulcers were available on the 4 patients for more than 3 months and had neglected to recuperate after customary treatment. A lightweight battery fueled, wearable structure PRFE gadget was presented as a treatment and utilized 6-8 hrs for each day for a time of about a month and a half. All patients following multi week of treatment indicated improvement and wound size supposedly decreased. Quiet 1 had a venous balance ulcer, and revealed critical help with discomfort following fourteen days treatment. Patients 2 and 3 accomplished total mending following 3 weeks treatment, and patient 1 and patient 4 had a 95% and 88% decrease in twisted size after the multi week study period. Both these patients kept on finishing recuperating utilizing the PRFE gadget after the multi week study period. Conner-Kerr and Isenberg (2012) assessed the advantage of utilizing PRFE treatment in the treatment of constant weight ulcers by means of Provant Therapy System in 89 patients show 51% middle lessening in wound surface territory following a month. Quicken wound mending rate with the goal that the middle of wound recuperating course arrives at 0.13 cm/d. the investigation presumed that PRFE treatment is a valuable adjuvant treatment for recuperating of incessant weight ulcers. Frykbergetal.(2011)conducted an investigation to investigate the impact of PRFE on the pace of wound mending results show mean percent decrease in twisted territory following a month was 49%  ± 6% for pressure ulcer (PU) (P <0.0001), 38%  ± 6% for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) (P <0.0001), 44%  ± 5% for venous leg ulcer (VLU) (P <0.0001), and 39%  ± 9% for ulcers of different etiologies (P = 0.0001). The middle injury decrease rate was 0.08 cm (2)/day (go - 4.14-2.21). Results recommending that a huge extent of these PRFE-rewarded ulcers wound have recuperated with continuous treatment. Lietal.(2011)investigated the impact of beat radiofrequency vitality on cutaneous ulcers to comprehend its system. Full-thickness cutaneous ulcers were made in diabetic mice. The trial bunch was liable to beat radiofrequency vitality treatment two times each day, while the hoax bunch was exposed to trick gadgets. The pace of wound conclusion was assessed by computerized investigation of surface region of the injury bed, zone of re-epithelialization, and pace of constriction. The outcomes demonstrate that beat radiofrequency vitality quickens disabled injury recuperating essentially through injury constriction by methods for animating cell multiplication, granulation tissue arrangement, and collagen testimony. Maier (2011) assessed the impact of PEMF on two patients with agonizing incessant cutaneous injuries in the lower appendage. Adjunctive beat radio recurrence vitality was controlled for 30 minutes twice day by day through an utensil cushion set straightforwardly on the dressing over the injury region. The two patients announced prompt, stamped torment decrease, permitting pressure treatment. The ulcers mended totally inside 3 weeks for understanding 1 and 28 weeks for tolerant 2. Kloth et al. (1999) contemplated the impact of PRF treatment on recuperating of weight ulcers in spinal string harmed persistent. The investigation presumed that PRF treatment is a cost sparing intercession that can invigorate the endogenous bioelectric tissue fix forms when wounds don't show proof of mending with standard injury treatment. What's more, speeding up of tissue mending additionally lessens the agony and enduring experienced by people harrowed with incessant injuries. Likewise quickened recuperating of constant injuries with PRF empowered patients to come back to useful exercises sooner so unfortunate intricacies don't create. Bentall(1986)evaluated the impact of beat radio-recurrence vitality in treatment of skin wounds. Results show that PEMF affected the procedures of intense auxiliary injury recuperating. The pace of recuperating was quickened and the histological appearance of the effectively rewarded wounds indicated that the mended epidermis was more similar to ordinary skin than the scar tissue run of the mill of optional injury mending. At last, from the past conversation of these outcomes and as indicated by reports of different examiners in comparative examinations, it tends to be clarified that the helpful impact of PRFE in treatment of lower appendage ulcers is because of the accompanying components: Beat radio recurrence vitality found to make a critical improvement in the declaration of qualities engaged with angiogenesis and wound rebuilding. The declaration of qualities engaged with angiogenesis and wound rebuilding was evaluated utilizing microarray examination of refined human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and human epidermal keratinoc

Confederacy Theory Free Essays

These examiners dread that China’s improving military capacity hazard sabotaging current security Hyannis predicated upon realism’s domineering steadily hypothesis. Authoritative steadily contends that in light of the fact that the US has overpowering financial and misbehavior may, the universal request has remained moderately steady (Snyder 2009, 6-7). Radicalism and interstate participation has prospered in light of the fact that security has been ensured by the US, who goes about as a judge in neighborhood or local debates. We will compose a custom paper test on Alliance Theory or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Recently, nonetheless, US authority is disappearing. After two bombed wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and a worldwide financial downturn, the relative force misfortunes of the US combined with the monetary and aggressive ascent of China has pragmatist examiners anticipating developing security difficulties among China and her neighbors and China and the US (Christensen 1999, 49-51; Braver 2007/8, 44 Newer 2009, 206-207). The ‘security dilemma’ story fights that declining US force and impact in East Asia will encourage expanded patriotism, unsteadiness, and struggle, and the rise of another incredible force equipped for testing the US will quicken the decrease of the us-supported liberal request (Snyder 1999, 10-12). In like manner, a security quandary follows sensibly with the decay of an authority. In any case, as China proceeds with its climb and the US appears to be ready to decay, the dependability of the universal request has remained moderately in affability. Actually, instead of sabotaging or testing the liberal universal request, China appears to be anxious to take an interest in the current structure (Liana 2007, 5-20). China isn't holding fast to Sun Tutu’s saying that a rising force will progressively utilize its military muscle. Rather, â€Å"China’s conduct difficulties existing arguments†¦ On power advances, which declare that a rising state is probably going to utilize force† (Braver 2007, 47). In like manner, the prevail Yosemite hypotheses of authenticity and neo-dissidents are tumbling to enough record for China’s tranquil and peaceful conduct given Its benefits In relative force (Newer 2009, 207). In the event that an alternate hypothesis can all the more precisely clarify China’s quiet ascent regardless of relative force gains, than maybe the very idea of a security difficulty can be successfully survived. This paper will challenge domineering steadily and Introduce the early idea of alliance hypothesis and Its gulden guideline of a ‘prosperity-interest’. This paper will at that point exhibit that flourishing interests are successfully insulting the conventional hate of a security situation in Taiwan and in China by hoisting thriving and a security predicament are an unavoidable outcome †on the off chance that you expect security worries to be vital, they will be. Notwithstanding, while this account predicts expanded pressures, the truth presents a far various picture. Security predicaments are being standardized by an extending corporate greed that needs development and thriving over clash. Alliance Theory Confederacy hypothesis was introduced by Squids Snyder who mirrored that the activities of states in the current worldwide request don't appropriately fit into surviving fundamental speculations. Snyder contends that the liberal global request built post WI is done being independently upheld by US authority. Rather, the universal request is at present buttressed by what Snyder calls ‘a confederate structure made out of a bunch of liberal states occupied with enthusiastic business competition (Snyder 2009, 15). The job of the United States has moved from being the system’s financier to just being its biggest member. At the focal point of the present universal request are countries communicating and coordinating economically at remarkable levels while at the same time contending with each other to make gains in relative success. The core of this request isn't made out of the United States, nor will it be controlled uniquely by China or any rising state. Rather, power lives in a durable business class of countries based on the most grounded Western forces in addition to Japan. â€Å"This alliance is a significant force design that has changed serious elements with the end goal that business integration†¦ Not military resistance and amendment, has become the prevailing serious strategy’ (Snyder 2009, 34). The Cold War denoted a time wherein getting firearms at any expense implied gaining security and force †henceforth why the Cold War is the apotheosis of authenticity. Today, in any case, the conspicuous reality that cash purchases firearms is besting the vital basic of having weapons. In the current worldwide request, riches is influence, and so as to augment riches, nations are looking for â€Å"the wanted advantages got from participation and consideration in the business order† (Snyder 2009, 19). The sheer extent of corporate greed directs that so as to contend countries must Join in so as not to be abandoned. A country’s quality â€Å"to a huge degree depends on [its] capacity to incorporate itself into he prevailing liberal business order,† (Snyder 2009, 16). So as to succeed and be serious, countries must interest outside direct speculation (FED), draw in the most brilliant personalities from around the globe, put resources into human capital, put resources into remote organizations, pull in abroad firms, proportionally exchange crude materials, obtain modest vitality, and so on. (Myers 2010, 2-7). For a state to improve its capacity and security, it must upgrade its entrance to monetary and business assets. Inability to draw in with this association of countries implies an inability to monetarily develop; and an inability to develop fathers to flimsiness, both locally and militarily. In like manner, the core value to security and influence isn’t just claiming a weapon, it’s having the riches and success to purchase a firearm whenever you need. Thriving The Security Dilemma †What does this mean for Security Dynamics? Regardless of basic moves in the conveyance of intensity between countries, â€Å"the essential speaks to the core of another request predicated upon thriving, not military force. In this framework, â€Å"the most remarkable driver of serious conduct relates not to endurance, yet flourishing and commerce† (Snyder 2009, 16). To this point, alliance hypothesis appears in accordance with neo-radicalism. In any case, while joining can exist along a wide range of interests, the standard wonder in alliance hypothesis centers around the size of business as opposed to on between administrative relations and the idea of institutional harmony. Corporate greed intrinsically requires a substantial level of regulating, however the significant factor is that each state holds its sway. A security quandary is avoidable not on the grounds that the foundations themselves relieve strife, but since business turns into the ensnare field wherein â€Å"the balance has moved from firearms to butter† (Snyder 2009, While nonconformists hopefully anticipate the finish of serious tendencies, alliance hypothesis contends that serious elements persevere, however just in response to financial weights instead of conventional military capacities. â€Å"Every state despite everything likes to make increases comparative with rivals† so as to keep up a success hole (Snyder 2009, 24). As needs be, security interests are not relinquished for supreme increases; just, â€Å"prosperity interests have overshadowed security concerns while rivalry has moved to prehistoric rivalry’ (Snyder 2009, 34). Since rivalry and relative increases stay in spite of coordinated effort and overpowering association, the security situation isn’t just expelled from the condition. Rather, what alliance hypothesis contends is a standardization of customary security concerns on the grounds that a state’s practical key alternatives are generally restricted. On the off chance that taking an interest in corporate greed gives the way to monetarily flourish, at that point it consistently follows that states will comply with fundamental necessities so as to be incorporated. While establishments like the World Trade Organization exist to guarantee reasonable exchange raciest, what is all the more entrancing are the manner by which countries are adjusting their conduct to unwritten principles or best practices so as to build national seriousness financially. So as to draw in capital and speculation, countries must show political dependability and financial radicalism. For example, countries must have a predictable and enforceable legitimate framework; they should ensure licensed innovation, advance development, and uphold banking and fund standards. So, â€Å"capital follows opportunity†¦ [and] searches out political stability’ (Snyder 2009, 20). Military acting r even the danger of shakiness characteristically restrains national seriousness in pulling in capital and development. China’s GAP the year prior to the Attainment square episode grew 1. 9%; in the two years following Attainment, GAP became simply 4. 1% and 3. 8% separately (Workloads). Security predicaments will in any case exist, yet nations actually can not stand to follow up on fears at the danger of considerably restricting their capacity to keep on thriving comparative with different countries. â€Å"Even the individuals who may ostensibly have Justifiable motivation to fear one another?as the US may be careful about China’s rise?none can really stand to follow up on Hess fears in the manners Unrealism expects† (Snyder 2009, 19). Concerning the security predicaments that may emerge from China’s military modernization, none is more unstable than the China-Taiwan relationship. China has kept on accentuating its ‘One-China’ strategy as a top need, and to show their determination, China has several rockets pointed at Taipei to guarantee consistence to the 2005 ‘anti-cessation’ law threateni

Sans-Culotte Essays - French Revolution, Clothing, Sans-culottes

Sans-Culotte Essays - French Revolution, Clothing, Sans-culottes Sans-Culotte Force inside the Paris segments of 1792-94 - its social arrangement, elements, and philosophy - .(1) That is what was investigated in the book The Sans-Culotte. Albert Soboul depicts and traces the structure and exercises of the various segments in Paris during Revolutionary France. Soboul portrays the exercises of these segments as a mainstream development by the individuals of Paris. He clarifies how the individuals of Paris joined to frame distinctive sectional congregations with their fundamental objective being to improve the lives of the center and lower class people in Paris, yet France completely. In The Sans-Culottes, Soboul clarifies in incredible detail the various ways these areas affected law making and attempted to increase equivalent rights for all. Notwithstanding portraying the political action of the sans-culottes and different segments, Soboul likewise clarifies a portion of the military exercises and developments of these segments during the upset. Soboul's book h as consistently been idea as the principle expert on the segments in Paris, yet in the mid 1980's, an investigate was composed on The Sans-Culottes and numerous things were seen as amiss with the book. In the basic assessment of Albert Soboul's The Sans-Culottes a full study of the book happens and numerous issues with the book are called attention to. The issues or weaknesses talked about in the basic assessment go from an absence of depiction of the sans-culottes and different segments in Paris and blunders in clarifying what kind of individuals comprised the enrollment of the areas, to a need a wide scope of value sources. The two issues in The Sans-Culottes that will be talked about in this article are the absence of value sources and the absence of depiction of the areas and who established them. The absence of depiction of the areas in Paris is a significant flaw with the book. The study calls attention to that Soboul irregularities the entirety of the segments of Paris together while portraying them. He neglects to isolate them into precisely what they are: areas. The facts demonstrate that there were developments made to attempt to join all the areas, however this never turns into a reality so qualification between segments ought to be appeared. Soboul makes no qualifications among quartiers' and segments, and between financial topographies and nearby politics.(2) Soboul's history of the areas from June, 1793 to sid-July, 1794 depicted them evenly, en masse....(3) This lumping together of the segments drives one to the bogus end that segments were each of the one element, yet they were not; they were particularly seperate. Soboul likewise drives the peruser to wrong ends by calling the segments and sans-culottes a well known development. He much of the time offers this expression. Soboul portrays numerous adjustments in the approach of the segments that permit the lower class to join the gatherings. A statement utilized by Soboul by Hanriot states, For quite a while, the rich made the laws, it is about time the poor made a few laws themselves and that equity should rule between the rich and the poor.'(4) This leads the peruser to accept that everybody was included effectively in the areas and that anybody could become pioneers of a sectional gathering, yet this was not the situation. The lower class, or plebeians, did almost no aside from what the pioneers let them or instructed them to do. As written in the scrutinize: Their [plebeians] pressures were specifically diverted into legislative issues by the sans-culotte' leadership.... During the recovery' skirmishes of the spring and summer of 1793 by which sans-culottes' won authority sectionary power, plebeians showed up mightily in the general gatherings - not as atomistic individual voters, yet as gatherings of laborers activated by their sans-culotte' bosses for impermanent muscle when polling forms were to be thrown by clench hands and feet.(5) This statement shows that the lower class, or plebeians, were simply lakes for the sans-culottes. They were allowed to cast a ballot when the pioneers felt the votes cast by the plebeians were important to accomplish triumph. The view one gets from the scrutinize is absolutely conflicting to that of Soboul's book. The speculation Soboul utilized while portraying the individuals from the areas can likewise prompt disarray on the perusers part. Soboul over and over depicts individuals as being a piece of a specific exchange,

Michael Moores Roger Me Essay - 1366 Words

Michael Moores Roger Me Roger Me is a documentary film chronicling the workings of one of the world’s largest corporations, General Motors, as it nearly turns its hometown of Flint, Michigan, into a ghost town. In his quest to discover why GMs management and board of directors would do such a thing, filmmaker Michael Moore, a Flint native, attempts to meet the chairman, Roger Smith, and invite him out for a few beers up in Flint to talk things over. Moore is the son of a Flint autoworker and a whole family of autoworkers. Roger Me examines how Moores hometown of Flint is affected when General Motors closes down a series of factories in order to set up production in Mexico. The town is devastated, economically and spiritually,†¦show more content†¦Flint, Michigan, it seems, is no longer part of the GM plan. To GMs board, Flint is not very important anymore, it does not need Flint at this point. The board believes it is in GM’s best interest to get the lower priced workers from Mexico , therefore hurting Flint. This is an example of the conflicts between what workers want and what their employers want. The textbook says, It is inherent in the process of profit making and places workers and their employers in opposing positions. (pg. 182) The company just wants to make money and to build there new factories and invest in these new endeavors, is good for the company. GM is making more money. Where the workers obviously want to keep their jobs and not have GM move plants to Mexico. That is one of my inherent problems with capitalism. Capitalism is not for the benefit of all humans, it is for the benefit of the directors, management, and the owners of these huge companies. GM would not have lost money if it kept the Flint plants open. Nevertheless, the GM board of directors chose to close them and essentially ruin the city. It is clear that GMs board of directors cared only for making more and more money, for attaining the greedy goal of profit maximization, while neglecting theShow MoreRelatedMichael Moores: Roger Me - A Sociological Film Review1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Purpose of the Film This documentary is written, directed and produced by Michael Moore and is about the social repercussions of capitalism as well as corporate and government issues that conflict with the basic needs of people and their families. Moore takes a liberal humanistic look at the consequences of General Motors closing down several auto plants in Flint, Michigan in the late 1980s and what can happen when a city is almost completely reliant on a single industry that shutsRead MoreEssay on Roger and Me1796 Words   |  4 PagesRoger and Me1 The Modes Moore Employs Roger and Me is the story of Michael Moore’s quest to right the wrong done to Flint, Michigan by Roger Smith, CEO of General Motors. 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He showed how theRead More Roger and Me Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesRoger And Me Roger And Me is a documentary that carries a considerable economic significance by presenting a modern version of capitalism, and by depicting an interesting example of Gunnar Myrdal’s theory of the circular and cumulative causation. Flint, the hometown of the filmmaker Michael Moore, has been built around the factories of one of the largest auto corporations in the world – General Motors. For decades on end the company has been prosperous, making high profits and keeping its workers

For My Research Paper, I Have Decided To Explore The Human

For my research paper, I have decided to explore the human behavior of aggression. Webster defines aggression as a forceful action or procedure especially when intended to dominate or master. This paper will cover aggression in children, adults, causes and effects of aggression, aggression in relationships and violence. Aggression comes in many different forms and should all be treated and recognized before developing into something bigger. There are many different types of aggression including accidental, expressive, hostile and instrumental. Accidental aggression is not intentional and is a result of carelessness. This is often seen in children or a person in a hurry. Expressive aggression is intentional but is not meant to cause any†¦show more content†¦Aggression in adults is very common. If the aggression is not treated as a child it can become more harmful when enter adulthood. Adults most commonly show aggression when driving. Adults tend to act aggressively in response to negative experiences. Unfortunately for adults if aggression is not treated results can vary from jail time to developing a untreatable behavior disorder. Aggression and violence are not the same. While a person who commits an act of violence may be acting with aggression a person with an aggressive in nature (Aggression and Violence, 2016). Aggression does not have harmful intent other than violence. Violence may be predatory in natur e. Violence can develop from situational or environmental factors and may result from a mental condition or from a personal or cultural beliefs (Aggression and Violence, 2016). Aggression and violence both have negative effects. Another factor that influences aggression is a person’s environment. What a person is raised and surrounded by can affect them also. Is a person is raised in a rough environment that may cause much of the aggressive behavior that they display. 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Postcolonial Literature Uncovering Western Myths Essay

Africa has been the embodiment of european perspectives before and after the Colonialism; these perspectives have attempted to provide insights on the facts behind it. In those terms, Africa has been reduced an atmosphere of concepts such as deep darkness, mystery, and madness, a place in which attrocities arise at any time of the day, and people are savages and chaotic. From that colonialist viewpoint, Africa was a place that needed help and control urgently in order to save it form itself and civilize it; therefore, white European men felt the need of accomplishing this mission and bring civilization to black men, which only meant to do thing as Europeans did. In Conrads Heart of Darkness (1993), these European visions are portraited to†¦show more content†¦They have rituals in specific times of the year, and they even measure time in market days. Achebe gives life to the main character Okonkwo in such a way that is perceived by the reader as an everyday man; a man with mo ral, character, suffering, and caring although cold on the outside. The community is strickly patriarchal, nor very different from anywhere in the world in those times. However, the author explores womens world with the same importance he explores mens world in the novel, and in several ocassions he refers to the womens role as paramount for the tribe and of equal importance than mens role, eventhough within the tribe the awareness of this is not general. All of the above shows us that the natives were not that different from the rest of the world, they were not primitive people in chaos, just simple people with different customs. They had a strong social structure and a system of rules that allowed people to live in community, harmony and peace for they solved the problems they had with justice and measures -Judgments with the seven Spirits and paying money when commited a fault). At some point, this system had more sense than that of the white man; people who accidentally or prem editatedly killed someone of the tribe would have to spend seven years of exile outside the community; onShow MoreRelatedThe Theory, History, and Development of Magical Realism Essay examples3188 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"magical realism† was used to describe the unusual realism by American painters such as Ivan Albright, Paul Cadmus, George Tooker and some other artists. The major figure in the conceptual genealogy of magical realism in the context of literature is Massimo Bontempelli, the Italian writer and critic. In 1926, he specifically names that art as â€Å"magical realism† which proposes to find miracles in the midst of ordinary day to day life. Some works by Kafka, Junger and Musil are later named asRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 PagesPostmodern literature The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanagement guru The ‘experimental’ Relay Assembly Test Room used in the Hawthorne Studies Neo-modernist open systems Three layers of organization culture A snapshot taken by a British Officer showing German and British troops fraternizing on the Western Front during the Christmas truce of 1914 The operation of three types of control in relation to an organizational task Factors impacting on the viability of different forms of control Postmodern pastiche architecture in Las Vegas Business sponsoring

History Of Money Essay Example For Students

History Of Money Essay History of Money Let us consider a problem. You catch fish for your food supply, but youre tired of eating it every day. Instead you want to eat some bread. Fortunately, a baker lives next door. Trading the baker some fish for bread is an example of barter, the direct exchange of one good for another. However, barter is difficult when you try to obtain a good from a producer that doesnt want what you have. For example, how do you get shoes if the shoemaker doesnt like fish? The series of trades required to obtain shoes could be complicated and time consuming. Early societies faced these problems. The solution was money. Money is an item, or commodity, that is agreed to be accepted in trade. Over the years, people have used a wide variety of items for money, such as seashells, beads, tea, fish hooks, fur, cattle and even tobacco. There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably among the Lydians, in Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned. To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church grainaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of withdrawal thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact, during Alexander the great’s period, the grainaries were linked together, making cheques in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British cheques in the 1980s. The Egyptians had in fact invented the first giro system. Most early cultures traded precious metals. In 2500 B.C. the Egyptians produced metal rings for use as money. By 700 B.C., a group of seafaring people called the Lydians became the first in the Western world to make coins. The Lydians used coins to expand their vast trading empire. The Greeks and Romans continued the coining tradition and passed it on to later Western civilizations. Coins were appealing since they were durable, easy to carry and contained valuable metals. During the 18th century, coins became popular throughout Europe as trading grew. One of the most widely used coins was the Spanish 8-reale. It was often split into pieces or bits to make change. Half a coin was 4 bits, a quarter was 2 bits, a term still used today. Coins containing precious metals are an example of commodity money. The item was traded because it held value. For example, the value of the coin depended upon the amount of gold and silver it contained. The Chinese were the first to use paper money, beginning in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). During the Ming Dynasty in 1300 A.D., the Chinese placed the emperors seal and signatures of the treasurers on a crude paper made from mulberry bark. Representative money is tokens or pieces of paper that are not intrinsically valuable themselves, but can be exchanged for a specific commodity, such as gold or silver. In 1715 Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia issued a tobacco note which could be converted to a certain amount of tobacco. This type of money was easier to make large payments and carry than coin or tobacco leaves. Fiat money is similar to representative money except it cant be redeemed for a commodity, such as gold or silver. The Federal Reserve notes we use today are an example of fiat money. .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .postImageUrl , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:visited , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:active { border:0!important; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:active , .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5 .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1517d7079ce4a2790f857a423e97a8b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arizona Concrete Essay In 1967 Congress authorized the U.S. Treasury to stop redeeming silver certificates in silver dollars or bullion beginning the following year. By 1970 silver was removed from the production of coins. The old coins were gradually removed from circulation and replaced with new copper-cored coins that were faced or clad with layers of an alloy of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel the same alloy used in nickels. People are willing to accept fiat money in exchange for the goods and services they sell only because they are confident it will be honored when they buy goods and services. The Federal Reserve is responsible for maintaining the integrity of U.S. currency by setting monetary policy controlling the amount of money in circulation to keep prices stable. If prices remain stable, people have confidence that the dollar they use to buy goods and services today will buy a similar amount in the future.Business Essays

Miss Brill Essays (804 words) - Miss Brill, Literature, Fiction

Miss Brill The point of view that Katherine Mansfield has chosen to use in Miss Brill serves two purposes. First, it illustrates how Miss Brill herself views the world and, second, it helps the reader take the same journey of burgeoning awareness as Miss Brill. The story is written in a third person omniscient (although limited) point of view. Miss Brill also interprets the world around her in a similar fashion. She is her own narrator, watching people around her and filling in their thoughts to create stories to amuse herself. Compared to most people, Miss Brills thinking is atypical. Generally, in viewing the world around him, a person will acknowledge his own presence and feelings. For example, if something is funny, a person will fleetingly think I find that amusing. While that entire sentence may not consciously cross his mind, the fact that it is humorous is personally related. Miss Brill has no such pattern of thought. She has somehow managed to not include herself in her reactions; she is merely observing actions and words. In this manner, she most resembles the narrator of the story by simply watching and relaying the events around her. This internalized third person point of view is taken even further when Miss Brill decides that the park and everyone in it [is] like a play. It [is] exactly like a play (260). This is the epitome of her detached point of view. Not only is she merely watching the people around her, she is so far removed from them that she feels like a separate audience. This theory that she hits upon then changes, and she decides that she does, in fact, have a part in the play as an actress. Even at this point of inclusion, she does not see herself as a leading lady, but as a mere cast member is the drama that unfolds in the park every Sunday. This seems even more detached. It implies that she is putting on a show rather than behaving and reacting honestly toward her own life. As Miss Brill travels from her isolated existence into self-awareness, the reader is also taken on the same trip. The readers perceptions of Miss Brill during the story mirror and shift along with Miss Brills perceptions about herself. The reader is given no real clues about Miss Brill other than her profession, a teacher, and that she goes to the park every Sunday. Her age is unidentified and hard to guess; the reader is given no connection between Miss Brill and others her age. In fact, Miss Brill comes across as much younger than she is, mainly due to her disdain toward older people. She finds them odd [and] silent . . . from the way they stared they looked as though theyd just come from dark little rooms or even even cupboards! (259). Just as she only focuses on other people, the reader is only told about the people surrounding her at the park. When she decides that she is an actress, the reader gains a similar insight about Miss Brill; she sees her world as an intricate show th at can be thrown out of balance by one absence. At the climax of the story, when the two young lovers comment on her appearance, the reader is suddenly aware of how old Miss Brill really is and how unaware she was about that fact. Miss Brill and the reader experience the shattering of her self image at the same time. For the first time during the story, both the reader and she see how other people see her. At the end of the story, when she puts the fur in its box and [thinks] she hear[s] someone crying (261), the reader is finally shown an emotion belonging to Miss Brill. Mansfields use of third person point of view in this story allowed her to keep Miss Brills fears and realities hidden from the reader. If the reader had been aware of everything from the beginning, there would have been no point at all to the story. Carefully revealing pieces of Miss Brills character through this point of view illustrated her own passage into a new reality. Keeping the

Lifespan Development Sociology Essay Sample

Lifespan Development Sociology Essay Sample Lifespan Development Sociology Essay Example Lifespan Development Sociology Essay Example It is well recognized among developmental theorists that neither heredity nor environment can account for development over lifespan. This paper aims at offering the understanding of human development. The work commences with presenting an explanation of the various facets of development, which include personal/social, cognitive and physical development. The relationship between age and aspects of developments are also revisited. From the various sources, it becomes evident that factors such as nonstop versus sporadic lifespan change, and critical versus sensitive periods of development, influence development over lifespan. Psychodynamic theory, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic perspectives are considered further in the understanding of human development. Some of these concepts differ in their explanation of development. Some maintain that development is continuous, while some are of the opinion that this process is discontinuous. Development over lifespan focuses on the progress of human being. Though there exist other developmentalists studying development from nonhuman perspectives, the majority of them investigates growth and change in humans. Some scientists seek to comprehend the universal tenets of developments, while some concentrate on how racial, cultural and ethnic differences influence the lifespan development course. Others are also still focusing on comprehending the exceptional characteristics of individuals by examining the traits that distinguish one individual from the others over the course of his/her life. Irrespective of the approach, all theories tend to view the process as an incessant progression throughout the lifespan. As theorists concentrate on the trends in which people transform and grow their lives, they also regard stability in the lives of people they are studying. Researchers have attempted to find the areas and periods within which human beings exhibit change and grow. They a lso have strived to study consistency and continuity in human behavior. Generally, developmental over lifespan is an interesting and wide topic. On this background, this paper discusses the development of human beings in relation to factors influencing it, and theoretical perspectives that have guided it. Aspects of Lifespan Development Development over lifespan is a multifaceted domain. Its first sphere is physical development. It relates to the manner in which the composition of the body assists in the determination of behavior. The brain, muscles, senses and nervous system are considered as the major composition of the body (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). For instance, studies focusing on physical development might assess the impacts of several factors, such as malnutrition, on the pace of growth of children as they undertake education. The dietary habits are the main influencing factor on physical development. In relation to this study, a connection between retarded growths and nutrition, which might have an impact on education of a child, can be seen. The second facet of lifespan development is cognitive development. Researchers on this issue aim at comprehending how growth and variation in cognitive abilities dictate the behavior of an individual. The scientist examined how memory, learning and problem solving abilities and intelligence are acquired (Messer Wolitzky, 2010). Straightforwardly, cognitive development plays a crucial role in education, because it determines the ability of child to memorize and internalize what he or she is taught in class. Some researchers have investigated how problem-solving abilities vary over the course of life. As a cognitive scientist, an individual can also be interested in the manner in which human beings experience traumatic events in early life, which they would recall at old age (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). The third facet is personality development, which often overlaps with social development. This issue focuses on the study of transformation and constancy in the long-term aspects that forms a person’s individuality over his/her lifespan. Allan (2011) defined social development as the style in which people interrelate with others as their social relations, which can change and remain unchanging over time. Personal development studies might concentrate on recognizing stability and long-term personal traits, throughout lifespan. Conversely, social development studies might concentrate on the influences of racism, poverty, or divorce on human development (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). All the three facets of development have an impact on one another. Age and Individual Variations Besides focusing on a specific facet, an educational developmentalist might decide to examine how age and associated differences vary over lifespan. Human life can be divided into broad age categories. The first phase is prenatal stage, which is actually the period between conception and birth. The second age category is toddlerhood, which is the duration between birth and the third year of life. The subsequent age category is preschool stage, which constitutes children aged from three to six years (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). The next age phase is middle childhood, which comprises of individuals aged between six and twelve years. The fifth age group is puberty, which constitutes of individuals aged between twelve and twenty years. The subsequent stage is young adulthood, and it consists of people aged between twenty and forty years. The seventh phase is middle adulthood (persons aged between forty and sixty five years). The last age category is late adulthood, comprising of persons aged above sixty five years. Every development facet – social, cognitive, physical and personality development – plays a significant role in development over lifespan (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). As a result, some developmentalist studies have concentrated on physical development during the prenatal period, while others during adolescence. Similarly, Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde (2014) focused on instances of social development during preschool years, whereas Dykas Cassidy (2011) investigated social relations during late adulthood. Cohort and Other Impacts on Development A cohort refers to a group of individuals born at virtually the same time in the same place. Major social phenomenon, such as economic crisis, wars, famines and epidemics result in the same influences on the constituents of a cohort (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). From the perceptive of an educator, these effects assist in determining how cohort members affect a child’s readiness for school. For instance, an educator might attempt to find the benefits and limitations of coming from a cohort in which Internet use is a routine, compared to the earlier cohorts who lived before the inception of the Internet (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). Villar (2012) classified cohort impacts on development as age-graded and history-graded. They offer a good example of history-graded impacts, which are both environmental and biological influences linked to specific historical time. For example, persons who lived during the 9/11 attack have collective environmental and biological challenges resulting from it (Villar, 2012). On the other hand, age-graded impacts are environmental and biological influences common to individuals of specific age group, irrespectively of when or where they were brought up. For instance, biological phenomena, including menopause and puberty, are universal events occurring at comparatively the same age for all individuals, throughout all communities. Likewise, a sociocultural event, such as commencement of formal education can be regarded as an age-grade influence since it takes place in virtually all the cultures at around age of six (Villar, 2012). Socio-cultural-graded impacts also influence human development. Glà ¼ck Bluck (2011) defined these influences as social and cultural factors existing in a specific time for specific person, depending on ethnicity, subcultural and social class membership. For instance, socio-cultural-graded impact will be more significant for children from wealthy white race than for children from poor minority group (Pfeifer Peake, 2012). Key Factors Determining the Nature of Lifespan Development For developmentalists, the variation and range in lifespan development raises several questions and issues. Some of these issues are linked to appropriate ways of thinking about the drastic transformations that an individual undergoes from before birth to death. Some of the questions have also been asked regarding the importance of chronological age. These issues and questions have been argued since lifespan development first became introduced as a distinct field in the early XX century (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). In this section, the paper examines the issues determining the nature and nurture of lifespan development. Nonstop Versus Sporadic Lifespan Change Developmentalists, such as Pfeifer Peake (2012), have debated whether development proceeds in a nonstop or sporadic style. Development is steady with achievements at one phase acting as input in the next phase in continuous development change. Nonstop development change is quantitative, which implies that the key underlying developmental processes driving transformation remain the same over the course of lifespan (Pfeifer Peake, 2012). Nonstop change produces transformations that are a matter of extend, and not of kind. An example of a nonstop/continuous transformation is the change in height before adulthood. However, some theorists, including Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde (2014), have also suggested that alteration in a person’s thinking abilities is a continuous process, exhibiting regular quantitative improvements, instead of developing entirely new cognitive abilities. On the other hand, development can be perceived as mainly constituting sporadic changes, taking place in different phases. Every change or stage results in behavior that is presumed to be qualitatively disparate from behavior at previous stages (Allan, 2011). Consequently, sporadic change is a matter of qualitative change, rather than quantitative. Despite being considered a continuous process, some theorists, such as Messer Wolitzky (2010), have pointed out that cognitive development is of a sporadic nature. Despite the issues surrounding continuity and discontinuity of development, majority of developmentalists affirm that leaning on either side is not appropriate. Whereas several developmental changes exhibit continuity, others clearly demonstrate discontinuity. Critical Versus Sensitive Periods of Development A critical period refers to a specific time in the development process when a specific event has its utmost magnitudes. Critical period seems to take place when the availability or presence of certain forms of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed. Despite early theories on lifespan development emphasizing on the significance of critical periods, recent theories argue that, in several domains, individuals are more pliable than was first perceived, especially in the realm of social and personality development (Messer Wolitzky, 2010). For example, instead of suffering an enduring damage from inadequate form of social experiences, there is emerging proof that individuals can utilize later experiences to their benefit, in order to overcome earlier inadequacies. ause of the emerging proofs, developmental theorists are leaning more regarding sensitive period. Messer Wolitzky (2010) defined this phase as an instance in development when organisms are especially vulnerable to some forms of stimuli in the environment, though the absence of the stimuli does not often result in an irreversible effect. From an educators perspective, there is age when a child is sensitive to education partially because children around are going to school. The other school-going children act as stimuli, and their absence result in irreversible effect (Glà ¼ck Bluck, 2011). For educators, it is significant to comprehend the distinction between the notions of sensitive and critical periods. In critical periods, it is assumed that the unavailability of certain forms of environmental influences is likely to result in permanent irreversible consequences for the development (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). Consequently, teachers can use critical periods to instill knowledge to children since they are unlikely to forget what is learnt in such phases. On the other hand, despite the unavailability of certain environmental influences during the sensitive period hindering development, it is possible for later experiences to overcome earlier inadequacies. Consequently, sensitive periods play a crucial role in linking cognitive process, thereby allowing remembering (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). Theoretical Views on Lifespan Development There are several theoretical perspectives applicable to lifespan development. Some of the most frequently used include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic theories (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). Each of these theoretical perspectives provides distinct aspects of lifespan development, and influences educators in specific directions. In addition, every concept continues evolving as required by the growing and dynamic discipline. Psychodynamic Theoretical Perspective This theoretical perspective focuses on the inner person. The supporters of psychodynamic theoretical perspective strongly believe that inner forces, conflicts and memories that an individual has little or no awareness or control, mostly influence human behavior. They might emerge from one’s childhood, and continually proceed influencing his/her behavior throughout the lifespan (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is often linked to the psychodynamic theoretical perspective. According to Freud, insentient forces determine personality and behavior. It is a part of one’s personality about which he or she is not aware (Glà ¼ck Bluck, 2011). The insentient part of an individual constitutes the childhood wishes, desires, needs and demands that are concealed from the sentient part due to their disturbing characteristics. According to psychoanalytic theory, the insentient plays a substantial role in the determination of everyday behavior (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). Freud suggested that a sequence of phases that a child undergoes focuses on specific biological function and body part. He assumed that the personality of everyone has three elements that include ego, id and superego (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). The id refers to the raw, unorganized inborn segment of personality that is evident at birth. It represents primitive motivations linked to aggression, sex, irrational impulses and hunger. Freud suggested that the id functions are based on the pleasure principle; in their objective is the maximization and reduction of tension. The ego refers to the segment of the personality that is sensible and rational. To Freud, it serves as a buffer between the real world and the primitive id (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). Its functions are based on the reality principle, which holds that instinctual energy is controlled to maintain the safety of the individual and assist in the integration of the person into the society (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). The superego refers to the conscious mind of an individual that engages in distinguishing wrong and right. It begins to develop during preschool period, and is acquired from teachers, parents and other important figures (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). To an educator, it is therefore evident that superego determines whether a child acquires concepts learned. Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson invented the psychosocial theory. According to it, the society and culture have an influence on development (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). Erikson’s psychosocial development theory integrates one’s interaction with comprehension of one another, as well as one’s understanding and knowledge of himself/herself as a society member. The scientist agrees with the fact that development takes place in the eight phases mentioned above. According to Erikson, these stages emerge in a fixed style, and are the same for all individuals. He argued that every phase presents a conflict that an individual must resolve. Despite no crises has ever reached full resolution, which makes life sophisticates, an individual has to address them at every stage in order to address the demands made during the subsequent stage. In contradiction to Freud, who asserted that development comparatively ceases at adolescence, Erikson pointed out that growth and change proceed throughout lifes pan (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). Behavioral Perspective The behavioral perspective holds that the keys to comprehending development are visible behavior and external environmental stimuli (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2014). If one knows the stimuli, then it becomes possible to predict his or her behavior. However, behavioral theories do not acknowledge the notion of age-graded impact, which maintains that all people experience a sequence of phases. The two known behavioral theories include classical conditioning, and operant conditioning (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). It is widely recognized that human beings develop through learning, and these two theories focus on learning through observable behavior. Classical conditioning theory holds that it is possible to get the full comprehension of development by carefully examining stimuli that the environment constitutes (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). Classical conditioning takes place when an individual learns to react in a certain manner to a neutral stimulus, which frequently does not evoke that form of reaction. Conditioning refers to a form of learning in which the reaction linked to one provocation can be associated to another one. The process of classical conditioning elucidates how human beings learn emotional reactions in order to develop emotionally (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). Operant conditioning refers to type of learning in which voluntary reactions are fortified or weakened by the relationship with negative or positive. It varies from classical conditioning in which reaction is voluntary and resolute instead of automatic. In this form of learning, individuals act intentionally on their surroundings to cause desired consequences (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). The chances that an adult or child will repeat a certain observable behavior relies on whether the behavior is followed by reinforcement. In this scenario, reinforcement refers to the process through which the provocation is offered, which increases the chances that the preceding behavior will be repeated. Therefore, in relation to education, a student is dedicated to working hard in school if he or she receives good grades. Besides, punishment or the introduction of an unfriendly stimulus decreases the chances that a previous behavior will be repeated. Operant conditioning seems to have applications in education (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). It is also used to rectify behavior of students by introducing punishment, which is an unpleasant provocation. Cognitive Perspective This perspective makes emphasis on how humans internally represent and think about the universe. By utilizing this perspective, developmentalists hope to comprehend how people process information, and how their thinking affects their behavior. Piaget’s theory falls under cognitive perspective (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). This theory maintains that everyone passes through a fixed series of universal stages of cognitive development. Jean Piaget argued that both quantity and quality of information processed by an individual increases at every stage. However, the quality of knowledge and comprehension also changes (Lucas Donnellan, 2011). This theory represents human thinking in terms of schemes, which are organized in mental patterns representing actions and behaviors. They represent concrete behavior in infants; they have scheme for reaching and sucking among others. Older children have more sophisticated and abstract schemes. For instance they might have one relating to skills for playing interactive video games. The schemes can be likened to computer software that instructs the operations of the computer. To Piaget, the growth of child’s comprehension of the universe can be elucidated by two key principles of assimilation and accommodation (Dykas Cassidy, 2011). Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective maintains that human beings have the natural ability to make decisions concerning their lives. This perspective emphasizes on free will, rather than depending on societal standards. It assumes that people are motivated to make decisions concerning what to do with their lives. Major supporters of humanistic perspective argue that everyone has a need for positive regard, which emanates from an underlying wish to be respected or loved. Since other people are those providing this respect and love, one is dependent on them. As a result, one’s view of him/her and self-worth is an indication of how he or she thinks others view him or her (Allan, 2011). This paper has discussed development over lifespan in relation to factors influencing it, and theoretical perspectives. The various facets of development include physical, personal/social, and cognitive development. Physical development focuses on the manner in which the composition of the body assists in the determination of behavior. Cognitive facet aims at comprehending how growth and variation in cognitive abilities dictate the behavior of an individual. Personality development centers on the study of change and stability in the lasting aspects that distinguish individuals from others over lifespan. Some of the most frequently used theoretical perspectives include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic theories. Some of the key factors influencing lifespan development include nonstop versus sporadic lifespan change, and critical versus sensitive periods of development.

Researching a one company and Solving 3 Questions Essay

Researching a one company and Solving 3 Questions - Essay Example McKnight’s management principles were firstly to delegate responsibility and to encourage staff to exercise their initiative and secondly for management to learn to focus on supporting staff who have participated in failed projects move on to something else rather than punishing them (â€Å"McKnight Principles† 5). To reinforce its culture of intrapreneurship 3M has instituted several policies and philosophies. The three that jump out of 3M’s organizational culture are the 15 percent option, tolerance for failure and rewards for success. The 15 percent option give employees authority to 15 percent of their workweek on individual projects of their choice without the need to either disclose or justify it to a manager (Govindarajan and Lang 3). This policy gives 3M staff freedom to be innovative. Tolerance for failure philosophy guarantees employees their jobs and no punishment for a product that fails in the market. On the contrary, 3M has often repeated stories of famous failures that went on to become highly successful products. This policy has the effect of keeping initiative and creativity alive among 3M’s staff. For innovative products that go on to have a breakthrough in the market, 3M acknowledges team member through salary raises, promotions, and recognition. For example the Golden Step award is given to team members if a newly launched product reaches a revenue goal of $2 million in the US or $4 million worldwide (Govindarajan and Lang 3). Better yet the informal recognition given to successful entrepreneurs through stories that convert them from mortals to legends is considered more powerful by 3M staff. The two major benefits that 3M derives from its organizational culture are staff loyalty and product differentiation as the key to commercial success. Staff loyalty is a manifestation of high staff motivation which often leads to increased job performance. Having a highly committed staff 3M’s management find it easy to

The NPV and the Management in Sales Forecasts Essay

The NPV and the Management in Sales Forecasts - Essay Example Most of the companies while making investment in purchasing of assets consider either purchasing directly or purchasing through lease. Company also focus or consider the point what are the expected benefits associated with both of these methods. Therefore this method gives the company or management an opportunity to crit officially evaluate whether the company has to buy this through a loan or by cash in hand. It is very difficult for the management to take that much cash from the company as its affects its liquidity factor. Therefore this tools helps the management to compare these option and then make a fruitful decision in capital investments or budgeting. In this helps the management to avoid or minimize the potential errors in decision making. Another way in which the NPV factor greatly facilitate to overcome or minimize the potential errors in decision making is Price analysis. Pricing of a product or service is based on many factors like competitor’s pricing, the actual cost incurred in making the final product or services. And price volume relationship. The pricing analysis helps the management to evaluate all these factors while making the best possible decision. And here as well the NPV serves as a best tool to overcome the errors in decision making. NPV gives a clear picture whether the company can earn the potential cash outcomes from the pricing strategy or how it could be improved. Moreover, NPV helps greatly to the management in Advance Analyses of different issues or areas and makes a positive decision in terms of capital budgeting and decision making.

English Learning Essay Example for Free

English Learning Essay This case study is based on Patricia, a Spanish national in her twenties who is in her last year studying an Economics degree course. She is also a student on the Elementary course at the British Language Centre. Patricia’s started learning English at the bi-lingual school she attended. She learnt English for 3 years but did not take any official examinations, but sees this as a possibility for the future. At school she learnt English because it was obligatory. The only other language she speaks is Spanish. She started attending the British Language Centre (which she still attends) to help her find a job in an international company and to prepare her for her visit to Eastbourne, East Sussex (UK) in July. She will be staying with a house family for one month and hopes to improve her English and use all of the language she has been learning to date. Her reasons for learning English are a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic ones. The main reason she is motivated to learn English is because she believes it will help her find a good job and earn loads of money, she also reads a lot about English culture and customs and watches films in English with subtitles for her own enjoyment. This can also be related to her learning styles. The results of her â€Å"multiple intelligences† questionnaire indicates that her learning style preferences are linguistic, spatial and interpersonal. Her conversations in English refer to things that she has read or heard, she enjoys solving mazes and other visual puzzles and considers herself to be a leader. 3 Problems and Possible solutions with Grammar The student enjoys English grammar, and generally finds it much easier than Spanish grammar. An example of this is the verb formations. She normally uses the correct tense when speaking in English but sometimes uses the infinitive form instead of the progressive. â€Å"I read† instead of â€Å"I’m reading†. Spanish often use an infinitive where English would use a progressive; this can be

Anomie Essay -- essays research papers

Although America was a confident and optimistic nation in 1917 before the introduction of the two major World Wars and the Vietnam War, this no longer is the case today. Wars have reshaped American history, politically, economically, socially and culturally. Throughout the course of time religious structures have been falling, events such the Great Depression have caused unemployment, divorce and crime rates have skyrocketed and suicide coupled with violence has gained much popularity and acceptance in the news. Many of the rigorous norms once established and followed have been disintegrating, thus providing an avenue for ever increasing chaos with an apparent state of anomie where there are no clear rules to firmly guide society. Inflations and unemployment in America have been great sources of chaos. The fact that wealth has never been evenly distributed has always caused the rebellion and in some cases retreatism posed by sociologist Robert Merton. Today Bush’s presidency has caused the jobs of many people. About 113,000 workers have been cut from payrolls since September of last year. In numerous occasions Bush has said, â€Å"The slowdown is real and is affecting too many lives. I want the American people to know we're deeply concerned about the unemployment rates and we intend to do something about it.", yet he has not developed any new plan to stop unemployment or at most decrease it. This presidential attitude in turn has led many to reject the story that society c...

Management theories Essay

Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory have played an vital role in the history of modern management .It is two qualitative leap of modern management system. As two relatively complete system of Management theory, Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory has made its own unique contribution. This essay aims to identify key similarities and differences between two theory by comparing detailed aspects which including focus, the comprehension of structure ,basic assumptions of person and the task of leader, simultaneously, exploring how Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. Classical Management theory was developed during the Industrial Revolution in order to deal withthe problem about inefficiency in the factories. it mainly contained of Weber(1922)’s Bureaucratic management,Taylor(1911)’s Scientific Management and Fayol(1925)’s General Management Principles. As Taylor (1911) wrote in his books â€Å"the purpose of scientific management is how achieve the maximum efficiency â€Å",these theory highlighted the importance of using scientific and standardized methods in workplace ; pointed out the study will continue to improve the working methods; determine the many principles to operate the organization more efficiently and emphasized the salary as a potential factor of motivation. Human Relation theory was proposed by a America behavioral scientist named Mayo (1933) after that Classical Management theory had been presented for nearly 20 years . According to Meyao (1933)the most important factor that effected the productivity are not condition and treatment ,but the human relation in workplace.Human Relation theory stressed the importance of human factors ;advocated improving managers’ interpersonal skills and changing leadership; emphasized the informal organization Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory contain many aspects that share differences and few aspects share similarities. Firstly, on focus,the classical management approach emphasized a concern for task (output).Thus, using the methods of Optimization of techniques and strict management in order to improve workers output is what the classical  management theory concentrate on. In contrast ,the Human Relations Approach focuses on both the workers themselves and efficiency, This aimed at increasing the work productivity through satisfaction and collaboration. Secondly ,according to the comprehension of organizational structure .in Classical Management approach . The organizational structure should be formal and clearly. Weber (1922) wrote that an ideal administrative structure has characteristics which including: a clear organizational division of labor ;a top-down hierarchy; a professional management system and a strict independent rules and discipline. Whereas the Human Relations Theory proposed the perspective that there is a informal organization existed in enterprise besides formal organization.The role of this formal is to safeguard the common interests of the members so that protect the common interests from additional loss caused by negligence of internal individual or external interference. For instance ,a group which the members are not arranged by manager but the reason of which have common values or personal interests is a informal organization. Thirdly ,on basic assumptions of person, the classical approach adopts standardized the methods of working ,as well as training of employees and they worked more like machines. Therefore , the staff often regarded as â€Å"economic person â€Å"in Classical Management theory ,this approach also states that the salary is the only way to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees to work .While Human Relations theory proposes treated staff as â€Å"social person † so that not only does it consider collaboration factor to motivate worker but also views strong worker relationship, recognition and achievement as motivators for increased productivity. It’s based on the most popular Maslow(1943)’s hierarchy of needs which stated that every person has some needs which affects his performance and motivation. These needs in the order from the most basic are Physiological needs, Safety needs, social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization needs. ( Maslow ,1943) Finally ,the task of leadership under classical management theory is to set the staff to set work standards, and supervise employees complete the  project efficiently .While under the Human Relations theory, the task of leader ship was to facilitate cooperation or coordination among the workers while providing assistance and opportunities for their personal promotion and development and was to be seen as â€Å"an agent for intra and inter group communication. † (Donnelly,2008) Although both two theories on the theoretical though and the approaches are totally different. They still contain a few similarities . For example,they both believe in organizations as closed, changeless entities which shared a common point common â€Å"increased productivity â€Å",It was the final goal either of approaches focused on the target that attempted to find the most efficient way for arranging and managing tasks. It is difficult to identify which theory is more superior, in most case .modern enterprise associate two management approach to increased productivity. How to balance it is what the leader should ponder. Therefore ,the two major theoretical thought of management theory are well described by Douglas McGregor’s theory X and theory Y in his book named ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’ Theory X relates to the classical approach that holds that People need, and indeed tend to be directed and controlled .In the meantime ,leaders should use strict rule and punishments to regulated workers behavior. Theory Y relates to the human relations approach, the idea that management’s task is to create an environment where employees can be innovative and productive or satisfied in the workplace at least. For instances, In 1960s, a new mode of production named â€Å"just in time † (also named Lean Production) was implemented Toyota Automotive Corporation .JIT is good combination of two theories. it helps corporation overcome the first energy crisis .The core of JIT is produce timely and appropriately. Equalization and standard production cycle time and standard operating sequence reflect classical management, while Employees can intervene in the production process and develop personal initiative. The mode of production also stressing coordination ,this factors reflect thought of Human Relations theory. In the nutshell.As two of the most significant studies in field of  management,Classical Management theory and Human Relations theory have their own particular merits and limitations. the two theories should not be simply isolated, a single and combined together, but to be a relationship of organic whole. Because of diversity of modern economic environment, A good leader should be the one who can balance various theories and put into practice depending on different situation.which means none of management theories is superior to the other. Reference: Fayol,H (1949) General and Industrial Management.New York :Harper= Taylor,F.W(1911) The Principles of Scientific Management.New York: Harper Donnelly,R.(2008) The Role of the Manager. Scotland: Pitman Publishing. Donnelly, R. (2000) Schools of Management Thought. Scotland :Pitman Publishing. Maslow ,A. H. (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation.New York:Psychological Review. Mayo,E.(1933) The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization.Boston :Harvard University Press. McGregor,D(1960) The Human Side of Enterprise .New York: McGraw-Hill Bibliography: Davis,R.C. (1951) The Fundamentals of Top Management .New York: Harper

Beauty And The Beast Of Advertisement - 1542 Words

Uniqueness and openness give people an identity, a sense of who one is. Women have always been victims of repression because men comfort themselves with the thought that women need looking after. Today, female oppression still exists, and is worse than ever, mostly because females have grown unaware of it - repression has grown as part of the women identity and is shaping the female gender in ways individuals can’t differentiate. The destruction of the female character has been silently shaped by men’s desires and the diminishing view of the female character. Marilyn Frye and Jean Kilbourne, two American feminists, both focused their attention on the female role in today’s modern society. While Frye in her article â€Å"Oppression† revolts for†¦show more content†¦Merits of her essay include her example of men opening doors for women, and metaphors that link oppression with birdcage social structures. â€Å"Men opening doors for women, birdcage-like social structures, and advertisement are highly tied to the meaning of oppression because they distract women from learning and from understanding the world around them, making them unfit members of society† (Frye, 2017). Females are chained to a false reality. In her careful analysis of oppression, Frye argues that members of oppressed groups commonly experience double-binds, - they are daily faced with limited options to choose among (Frye, 2017, 2). These binds are created and shaped by forces and barriers which are neither accidental nor avoidable, but are sys tematically related to each other. People fail to see oppression because they focus on particular issues. Marilyn Frye rather argues â€Å"You cannot see oppression just by looking at one bar in the cage, you have to look at the whole picture† (Frye, 2017). Only by taking a few steps back you can realize that oppression is in our homes and in our everyday lives. We live in a world of double standards. Each bar that conform the cage is an aspect by which women are silently caged. Media is one bar of the cage. Female oppression has since long been taken for granted. From males opening the doors to females, stating their incapability, to their imposed career of becoming beautiful house wives. Today, with advances in technology andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Advertising On The Portrayal Of Women977 Words   |  4 Pages Advertisements has been around for decades, the main goal of advertising is to intrigue consumers. Producers spend billions of dollars yearly to sell their products. The aspect of advertising is to analyze and change the portrayal of women. 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